Why are children often referred to as "belly breathers"?

Children are often referred to as "belly breathers" because their intercostal muscles—those located between the ribs and responsible for secondary respiratory effort—are not fully developed. This anatomical characteristic leads them to rely more on diaphragmatic breathing, which involves the diaphragm muscle moving downwards to draw air into the lungs.

In children, this type of breathing is facilitated by the diaphragm, allowing for more efficient respiratory mechanics at a young age. As they grow, their intercostal muscles develop, leading to a more typical adult-style of breathing that incorporates both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. This reliance on diaphragmatic breathing in young children is why they are so commonly described as "belly breathers." Understanding the anatomical and physiological differences in respiratory mechanics between children and adults can be crucial for emergency medical responders when evaluating respiratory distress in pediatric patients.